≈ 2 hours and 10 minutes · With intermission
Last updated: October 29, 2024
By Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig
Based on the classical Chinese drama The Injustice to Dou E that Moved Heaven and Earth
by Guan Hanqing
An NAC English Theatre presentation of the Shaw Festival production
October 30 – November 9, 2024, Azrieli Studio
SETTING: New Harmony, a remote factory town in Jiangsu Province. Present day and three years earlier.
Snow in Midsummer was commissioned and produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company as the first of the RSC’s Chinese Translations Project, a cultural exchange program to adapt Chinese plays that were written during Shakespeare’s time (1564-1616). In 2012, international headlines were made when their adaption of The Orphan of Zhao employed only three actors of East Asian descent out of seven cast members. The British East Asian acting community reacted swiftly, demanding change that led to a complete overhaul of the company’s Chinese Translations project. Then, in 2015, the RSC contacted Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig about a new adaptation for their current project. It premiered in February 2017 at the Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
In 2018, the US premiere was held at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. The first New York production occurred in June 2022 at the Classical Stage Company, in part to respond to increasing violence against the East Asian community since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Malaysian, Singaporean and Taiwanese film adaptation of some themes found in Snow in Midsummer was selected to open the 2023 Golden Horse Film Festival in Taipei, a parallel section of the Venice International Film Festival, where it had its global premiere.
by Christine Mok
What happens when the world ends, but the world keeps revolving? When your husband dies? And your son passes? When injustice persists? What happens when the machines stop working? When work stops? When the lakes dry up? And the air fills with smoke and haze? What happens when the world as you know it ends? What happens when the world keeps ending? What happens after that?
Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig explores these afterworlds in Snow in Midsummer, the final play in her China trilogy. Along with World of Extreme Happiness and King of Hell’s Palace, Snow in Midsummer is part of an extended exploration of the forces of global capital as they shape, constrain, and explode within the lives of everyday people in contemporary China. Most recently a recipient of the 2024 Whiting Award, which is given annually to ten emerging writers in fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama, Cowhig uses the theatre, a space of play and collective attention, to provide an unflinching look at the consequences of human actions and the possibilities for speaking truth to power. In Snow in Midsummer, Cowhig returns to the contemporary Chinese factory town, the setting of World of Extreme Happiness, to weave together the historical with the contemporary, the mythological with the ecological. Snow in Midsummer is a ghost story, murder mystery, detective story, post-apocalyptic, supernatural adventure – all in the pursuit of justice, hope, and future possibility.
As a ghost story, Snow in Midsummer is haunted by a past that is never really, past. One of the pasts to Cowhig’s play that ghosts it is the 13th century play by Guan Hanqing, known as Dou E Yuan (or The Injustice to Dou E and Snow in Midsummer). Snow in Midsummer is an adaptation of a 13th century play. It is the first commission of the RSC’s Chinese Translations Project, a cultural-exchange program that brings Chinese classics to a new audience. The Chinese Translations Project draws a lineage between Shakespeare and works written in China that were performed or adapted within Shakespeare’s lifetime (1564-1616) in the Yuan, Song, Tang, and Ming dynasties – exceptionally rich periods in Chinese artistic and cultural history. With research on more than 45 classical Chinese titles nominated by scholars, academics, theatre-makers, playwrights and translators from across the world, the RSC matched Cowhig with translator Gigi Chang.
When Cowhig sifted through the stories of several golden age Chinese plays, the story of Dou E, a woman executed for a crime she did not commit, whose ghost returns to seek justice, caught her eye. Cowhig then built her adaptation from Chang’s literal translation of the original play, keeping some elements and radically revising others. The central love story is no longer between Dou E and her dead husband. Cowhig shifts our attention to the love between two men, Rocket and Handsome (who gets all of Dou E’s most romantic lines), between mothers and daughters, and between sisters. Guan Hanqing’s Dou E ruffles some papers to get her father’s attention so that he might right the wrongs of the past; Cowhig’s Dou Yi takes vengeance into her own hands, quite literally.
Cowhig also built her adaptation from conversations and interviews with British East Asian actors because another past haunts Cowhig’s Snow in Midsummer, the historic underrepresentation of Asian actors on British and American stages, in addition to political censorship. Cowhig situates herself as a writer in an interview from 2014 in the following ways: “because Chinese writers who try to write about social or political truths are often punished by the government, because there aren’t many plays about contemporary China, and because there aren’t very meaty roles for Asian actors in the US or the UK, by writing a few plays on China, I can address multiple ‘gaps’ at once.”
For Snow in Midsummer, Cowhig traversed one of these gaps by undertaking a listening tour in London, in the aftermath of RSC’s 2012-2013 production of the classical Chinese play, The Orphan of Zhao, which elicited criticism over its casting of only three actors of East Asian descent to play a servant and two dogs. In her listening tour, she was interested not just in how British East Asian actors felt about representation, she wanted to hear from them the kinds of roles they dreamed for themselves, using their wish list to populate the world of Snow in Midsummer. For Cowhig, there is a direct connection between writing about China from outside, as a member of the diaspora, and writing dream roles for actors of Asian descent. Though the characters are Chinese, the actors are Asian North American and British East Asian.
For the Shaw Festival’s production of Snow in Midsummer, an even more recent past may haunt the stage. The play’s stage directions name the time and place of the play as “New Harmony, a remote factory town in Jiangsu Province. Present day and three years earlier.” From the vantage point of today, “three years earlier” was still the early days of the global outbreak of coronavirus, when life and work looked very different. The play’s US and UK premieres were before the pandemic, in 2017 at Stratford-upon-Avon, produced by the RSC, and in 2018 at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon.
The play’s then and now, now feel very different. We will never look at a face mask the same way. We understand the end of work as we know it differently. We hope we understand communal care differently. Some of us worked from home, whereas others were essential workers, often without adequate protections. Cars stayed off highways in garages, airplanes were left in hangers, and ships remained docked. Scientists found that, in some places, air and water quality improved. On the one hand, it seemed as if human-disturbed habitats began to recover. On the other, the pandemic was not a disruption but rather part of climate change’s disastrous effects, just like wildfires, heat waves, floods, and storms.
A signal feature of Guan Hanqing’s play that remains in Cowhig’s is the natural world’s attunement to the injustices done to Dou Yi. The natural world bears witness to Dou Yi’s innocence through the following anomalies: first snow falls in midsummer, then three years of drought, and finally a dust storm and plague of locusts that halts New Harmony’s factories, transforming the engine of economic growth into “ten thousand tons of broken, dust and locust clogged machinery.” Many of the characters ignore the world, even as it speaks out in snow, haze, and locusts. These characters may refuse to see, but we, as the audience, cannot ignore the effects of injustice as it unfolds in front of us on the stage. In unravelling a mystery, Snow in Midsummer, at its heart, is not just a whodunnit but ponders a telling of how and why. With Tianyun Lin, we embark on a journey of discovery, driven by vengeance, with the promise of justice, so that rather than the past continuing to haunt the present, we can better build a future of never again.
CHRISTINE MOK, AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND, RECEIVED HER PHD IN THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES FROM BROWN UNIVERSITY, AND HOLDS AN MFA IN DRAMATURGY AND DRAMATIC CRITICISM FROM THE YALE SCHOOL OF DRAMA. SHE WAS THE DRAMATURG FOR THE US PREMIERE OF SNOW IN MIDSUMMER AT THE OREGON SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL AND IS THE CO-EDITOR WITH JOSHUA TAKANO CHAMBERS-LETSON TO FRANCES YA-CHU COWHIG'S CHINA TRILOGY: THREE PARABLES OF GLOBAL CAPITAL (2021).
by Christine Mok
Snow in Midsummer is a contemporary adaptation of a canonical Chinese drama, Dou E Yuan a beloved play from the Yuan dynasty. Though millennia of recorded theatre history prior to the Yuan dynasty exists – with Chinese actors, even today, tracing their craft to the famous Pear Orchard Conservatory established during the Tang dynasty (618–907) – Yuan drama is considered the golden age of Chinese theatre. Within the span of a century, some of the greatest works of classical Chinese drama were written and produced. Today, more than 160 plays, known as zaju, from this era are extant. Zaju flourished under Mongolian rule and especially during the reign of Kublai Khan (1260–1294), becoming the dominant dramatic form, thus taking on the name of the dynasty, Yuan drama.
When Mongols invaded and conquered China, they unified north and south, connecting people and cultures through trade and empire across Asia, Eurasia and Europe. The Yuan dynasty was an era of unprecedented cultural and artistic advances in a variety of fields, including poetry, theatre, painting, mathematics and medicine. While many enjoyed peace and prosperity, educated Han Chinese elite found their social and political power greatly diminished under the Mongols. The civil-service examinations that had determined court positions and organized bureaucratic imperial life were abolished. Displaced Confucian scholar-officials turned to the arts, especially poetry and playwriting, to make a living and seek glory.
With the Confucian literati joining theatrical troupes as playwrights, the plays fused a new narrative tradition with older musical performance practices to create Yuan drama: popular variety plays with songs, dance, monologues, farce and probably acrobatics. Yuan playwrights found inspiration in literary tales, histories from earlier dynasties, and popular tales passed through oral traditions that imparted Confucian values. Yuan drama mixed both high and low culture, reflecting the literary aspirations of their authors, without neglecting the entertaining high jinks that their non-elite audiences demanded. The plays are full of romance, adventure and the supernatural. Enough plays deal with the criminal justice system to suggest that the exiled scholar-playwrights wove critiques of their diminished experience under Mongolian rule into plays that grappled with morality and injustice.
Article reprinted by permission of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.
Playwright
Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig
Based on the classical Chinese drama
The Injustice to Dou E that Moved Heaven and Earth
by Guan Hanqing
Director
Nina Lee Aquino
Officer / Ensemble
Cosette Derome
Nurse Wong / Mother Cai
Manami Hara
Fei-Fei
Eponine Lee
Worker Huang / Ox-Head / Officer / Ensemble
Richard Lee
Handsome Zhang
Michael Man
Master Zhang / Judge Wu / Ensemble
John Ng
Worker Fang / Officer / Ensemble
Travis Seetoo
Tianyun
Donna Soares
Rocket Wu / Ensemble
Jonathan Tan
Doctor Lu / Worker Chen / Horse-Face / Ensemble
Kelly Wong
Dou Yi
Lindsay Wu
Set Designer
Camellia Koo
Costumes Designer
Joanna Yu
Lighting Designer
Michelle Ramsay
Original Music and Sound Designer
John Gzowski
Fight Designer / Fight Captain
Richard Lee
Stage Manager
Jane Vanstone Osborn
Assistant Stage Manager
Sang-Sang Lee
Production Stage Manager
Kim Charleen Smith
Assistant Director
Micah Jondel DeShazer
Assistant Set Designer
Aurora Judge
Associate Costume Designer
Ximena Pinilla
Assistant Lighting Designer
Nathan Bruce
Movement Designer
Kimberley Rampersad
Movement Captain
Travis Seetoo
Magic and Illusions Creator
Peter Fernandes
Magic Captain
Kelly Wong
Voice and Dialect Coach
Ausar Stewart
The National Arts Centre is a member of the Professional Association of Canadian Theatres and engages, under the terms of the Canadian Theatre Agreement, professional artists who are members of Canadian Actors’ Equity Association.
Snow in Midsummer was first presented by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Swan Theatre on February 23, 2017.
US Premiere produced by Oregon Shakespeare Company, August 2018 Produced off-Broadway by Classic Stage Company, John Doyle, Artistic Director.
Snow in Midsummer is presented by special arrangement with United Talent Agency.
Artistic Director
Tim Carroll
Executive Director
Tim Jennings
Associate Artistic Director
Kimberley Rampersad
Associate Executive Director
Melissa Novecosky
Planning Director
Jeff Cummings
Producer
Natalie Ackers
Head of Scenic Construction
Lesslie Tunmer
Assistant Head of Scenic Constrution
Myron Jurychuk
Scenic Construction
Rob Brophy
Kevin Harte
Mike Haslehurst
Head of Scenic Art
Jana Bergsma
Assistant Head of Scenic Art
Andrea Harrington
Scenic Art
Rebecca Lee
Jessica MacDuff
Mathilda Pich
Head of Props
Anna-Marie Baumgart
Show Lead
Dana Cornelius
Associate Head of Props
Alexa MacKenzie
Props
Emily Dyck
Samantha Felsbourg
Rachelle Garrett
Brent Hickey
Mac Hillier
Jason Jennings
Matt Leckie
Jenna Purnell
Wayne Reierson
Blake Wilson
Andrea Willette
Head of Wardrobe
Jason Bendig
Associate Head of Wardrobe
Janet Ellis
Wardrobe
Margie Berggren
Mimi Harrisson
Darlene Hendry
Sandra LeRose
Lillian Pasqua
Cutter
Monique MacNeill
Apprentice
Evelyn Lockwood
Apprentice
Kristina Ojaperv
One of North America’s finest repertory theatre companies, the Shaw Festival creates unforgettable theatrical encounters in the heart of historic Niagara-on-the-Lake. Inspired by the spirit of Bernard Shaw and helmed by Artistic Director Tim Carroll (TC), The Shaw is a place where people who are curious about the world gather to share the unique experience of live theatre and to create a deeper human connection with the artists, the beauty and abundance of Niagara, and with each other.
For more information, please visit shawfest.com.
Head Technician
Stephane Boyer
Assistant Head technician
Leigh Utley
Stage Crew
Ray Budavari
Anne Griffore
Joe Bonar (Shaw Festival)
Wardrobe
Joanna Jones
Heidi Strober
Margaret Molokach (Shaw Festival)
Wigs
Norm Couvrette
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
Projectionists, Wardrobe Mistresses, Masters and Attendants are members of International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees Local 471.
Managing Director
David Abel
Artistic Director
Nina Lee Aquino
Learning Coordinator
Aimee Bouchard
ASL Interpreter Consultant
Carmelle Cachero
Marketing Strategist
Bar Clement
Communications Strategist
Sean Fitzpatrick
Senior Producer
Alexandra Lunney
Senior Marketing Manager
Bridget Mooney
Associate Producer, Artistic Programming and Environmental Projects
Judi Pearl
Technical Director
Eugenio Saenz Flores
Company Manager
Samira Rose
Administrative Coordinator
Monika Seiler
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees